Definition
Hepatitis refers to inflammatory conditions of the liver caused by viruses (viral hepatitis), toxic substances (e.g., alcohol, drugs), or autoimmune mechanisms. Viral hepatitis is the most common and includes types A, B, C, D, and E.

Pathogenesis

  • Hepatitis A and E: Transmitted mainly through contaminated food or water and cause acute infections.
  • Hepatitis B, C, and D: Spread through contact with infected blood, bodily fluids, or from mother to child. They can progress to chronic hepatitis, increasing the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on laboratory tests, including detection of antibodies and viral RNA or DNA, as well as liver function assessment (transaminases, bilirubin). Imaging techniques or liver biopsy may be used to evaluate liver damage.

Treatment
Treatment depends on the cause:

  • Acute hepatitis A and E: Supportive care as they are self-limiting.
  • Chronic hepatitis B and C: Antiviral medications; modern direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) cure hepatitis C.
  • Autoimmune hepatitis: Treated with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants.

Prevention through vaccinations (for hepatitis A and B), safe sexual practices, and avoiding shared needles is crucial for controlling the spread. Regular medical monitoring is essential to prevent complications like cirrhosis and liver cancer.

Key figures: Hepatitis C is now curable in more than 95 percent of cases with a short oral course. Effective vaccines exist for hepatitis A and B but not for C. In advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis, surveillance for liver cancer is performed every six months.

Untreated chronic infection can progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer. It should be distinguished from fatty liver disease.

Frequently asked questions

Can hepatitis C be cured?

Yes. Modern direct acting antiviral drugs achieve cure in more than 95 percent of cases, with a short oral course and few side effects. Cure also substantially reduces the future risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C, but there is highly effective treatment.

Which types of hepatitis have a vaccine?

Effective vaccines exist for hepatitis A and hepatitis B. Vaccination against B also protects indirectly against hepatitis D, which occurs only in people who already have B. No vaccine exists for hepatitis C.

Does chronic hepatitis cause symptoms?

Usually not, and that is its main danger. It can remain completely silent for years or decades while liver damage progresses. Many patients are diagnosed incidentally through mildly raised liver enzymes, or only once fibrosis is established. This is why targeted testing of at risk groups matters.

Sources


Content last updated: September 2026 (14/09/2026).