Definition
Hepatitis refers to inflammatory conditions of the liver caused by viruses (viral hepatitis), toxic substances (e.g., alcohol, drugs), or autoimmune mechanisms. Viral hepatitis is the most common and includes types A, B, C, D, and E.

Pathogenesis

• Hepatitis A and E: Transmitted mainly through contaminated food or water and cause acute infections.
• Hepatitis B, C, and D: Spread through contact with infected blood, bodily fluids, or from mother to child. They can progress to chronic hepatitis, increasing the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on laboratory tests, including detection of antibodies and viral RNA or DNA, as well as liver function assessment (transaminases, bilirubin). Imaging techniques or liver biopsy may be used to evaluate liver damage.

Treatment
Treatment depends on the cause:

• Acute hepatitis A and E: Supportive care as they are self-limiting.
• Chronic hepatitis B and C: Antiviral medications; modern direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) cure hepatitis C.
• Autoimmune hepatitis: Treated with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants.

Prevention through vaccinations (for hepatitis A and B), safe sexual practices, and avoiding shared needles is crucial for controlling the spread. Regular medical monitoring is essential to prevent complications like cirrhosis and liver cancer.