Definition
Gallbladder lithiasis (cholelithiasis) and biliary tract lithiasis (choledocholithiasis) refer to the formation of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts. The stones are made of cholesterol, bilirubin, or mixed components and can cause inflammation or obstruction.

Pathogenesis
Stone formation is associated with factors such as cholesterol-saturated bile, reduced gallbladder motility, and chronic inflammation. Risk factors include obesity, age, pregnancy, and rapid weight loss.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis is mainly made through abdominal ultrasound, the most common and reliable tool for detecting gallstones. In suspected choledocholithiasis, ERCP, MRCP, or CT scans may be used.

Treatment
Treatment depends on symptom severity and complications:

• Asymptomatic lithiasis: Usually does not require treatment.
• Symptomatic lithiasis: Cholecystectomy (surgical removal of the gallbladder) is the treatment of choice.
• Choledocholithiasis: Treated with ERCP to remove stones from bile ducts.
• Complications: Such as cholecystitis, cholangitis, or pancreatitis, require immediate medical intervention with medication, drainage, or surgery.

Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment reduce the risk of severe complications such as infections and bile duct obstruction.