Definition
Constipation is a common digestive disorder characterized by infrequent or difficult bowel movements, typically fewer than three per week. It may be accompanied by a feeling of incomplete evacuation or discomfort.

Pathogenesis
Constipation can be functional or organic. Functional factors include reduced bowel motility, diets low in fiber, and insufficient fluid intake. Organic causes may include obstructive disorders, neurological conditions, or medications that slow intestinal motility.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis is primarily based on medical history and physical examination. Criteria such as the Rome IV criteria aid in diagnosing functional constipation. Laboratory tests, endoscopy, or imaging methods are used to identify organic causes.

Treatment
Treatment involves lifestyle changes, such as increasing fiber and fluid intake and regular exercise. In persistent cases, laxatives or medications to stimulate bowel motility are recommended. For organic causes, the underlying condition is treated. Medical monitoring is important to avoid complications like hemorrhoids or fissures.