Definition

Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder primarily affecting the small intestine. It is triggered by an immune reaction to gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley. In individuals with celiac disease, consuming gluten causes inflammation and damage to the small intestine, impairing the absorption of nutrients.

Pathogenesis

Celiac disease results from the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. People with certain genetic markers (such as HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8) are more susceptible. In these individuals, the consumption of gluten triggers an autoimmune response that damages the lining of the small intestine.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to detect antibodies associated with celiac disease. A biopsy of the small intestine via endoscopy may be performed to confirm damage to the intestinal lining.

Treatment

The primary treatment for celiac disease is a strict lifelong gluten-free diet. Avoiding gluten helps heal the small intestine and restore nutrient absorption. In some cases, supplementation with vitamins and minerals may be required to address deficiencies. Regular medical follow-up and patient education about dietary management are essential for successfully managing the condition.